1 00:00:13,599 --> 00:00:16,550 ozone is an invisible upper atmospheric 2 00:00:16,550 --> 00:00:16,560 ozone is an invisible upper atmospheric 3 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:19,109 ozone is an invisible upper atmospheric gas that protects all forms of life on 4 00:00:19,109 --> 00:00:19,119 gas that protects all forms of life on 5 00:00:19,119 --> 00:00:21,670 gas that protects all forms of life on earth for most of the sun's damaging 6 00:00:21,670 --> 00:00:21,680 earth for most of the sun's damaging 7 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:23,189 earth for most of the sun's damaging radiation 8 00:00:23,189 --> 00:00:23,199 radiation 9 00:00:23,199 --> 00:00:25,910 radiation radiation that can cause skin cancer eye 10 00:00:25,910 --> 00:00:25,920 radiation that can cause skin cancer eye 11 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:28,070 radiation that can cause skin cancer eye damage and suppression of the immune 12 00:00:28,070 --> 00:00:28,080 damage and suppression of the immune 13 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:29,109 damage and suppression of the immune system 14 00:00:29,109 --> 00:00:29,119 system 15 00:00:29,119 --> 00:00:31,269 system the harvesting of fish and plant life 16 00:00:31,269 --> 00:00:31,279 the harvesting of fish and plant life 17 00:00:31,279 --> 00:00:33,110 the harvesting of fish and plant life are also affected 18 00:00:33,110 --> 00:00:33,120 are also affected 19 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:35,590 are also affected a vast amount of aquatic life has its 20 00:00:35,590 --> 00:00:35,600 a vast amount of aquatic life has its 21 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:39,190 a vast amount of aquatic life has its beginnings in the oceans near antarctica 22 00:00:39,190 --> 00:00:39,200 beginnings in the oceans near antarctica 23 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:41,510 beginnings in the oceans near antarctica false color imagery of the south pole 24 00:00:41,510 --> 00:00:41,520 false color imagery of the south pole 25 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:44,389 false color imagery of the south pole from nasa's nimbus-7 satellite provides 26 00:00:44,389 --> 00:00:44,399 from nasa's nimbus-7 satellite provides 27 00:00:44,399 --> 00:00:46,549 from nasa's nimbus-7 satellite provides scientists with a road map of daily 28 00:00:46,549 --> 00:00:46,559 scientists with a road map of daily 29 00:00:46,559 --> 00:00:48,630 scientists with a road map of daily changes in the ozone 30 00:00:48,630 --> 00:00:48,640 changes in the ozone 31 00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:50,549 changes in the ozone by tracking this imagery for the past 32 00:00:50,549 --> 00:00:50,559 by tracking this imagery for the past 33 00:00:50,559 --> 00:00:53,590 by tracking this imagery for the past nine years they have discovered a trend 34 00:00:53,590 --> 00:00:53,600 nine years they have discovered a trend 35 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:56,229 nine years they have discovered a trend each spring over antarctica a hole in 36 00:00:56,229 --> 00:00:56,239 each spring over antarctica a hole in 37 00:00:56,239 --> 00:00:58,549 each spring over antarctica a hole in the ozone develops and it has been 38 00:00:58,549 --> 00:00:58,559 the ozone develops and it has been 39 00:00:58,559 --> 00:01:01,189 the ozone develops and it has been getting larger year by year 40 00:01:01,189 --> 00:01:01,199 getting larger year by year 41 00:01:01,199 --> 00:01:03,590 getting larger year by year to date as much as 50 to 60 percent of 42 00:01:03,590 --> 00:01:03,600 to date as much as 50 to 60 percent of 43 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:06,789 to date as much as 50 to 60 percent of the ozone in this area has been lost 44 00:01:06,789 --> 00:01:06,799 the ozone in this area has been lost 45 00:01:06,799 --> 00:01:08,950 the ozone in this area has been lost these discoveries prompted a coordinated 46 00:01:08,950 --> 00:01:08,960 these discoveries prompted a coordinated 47 00:01:08,960 --> 00:01:14,710 these discoveries prompted a coordinated series of antarctic ozone experiments 48 00:01:14,710 --> 00:01:14,720 49 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:17,270 including some 150 scientists and 50 00:01:17,270 --> 00:01:17,280 including some 150 scientists and 51 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:20,149 including some 150 scientists and engineers from nasa the national oceanic 52 00:01:20,149 --> 00:01:20,159 engineers from nasa the national oceanic 53 00:01:20,159 --> 00:01:22,469 engineers from nasa the national oceanic and atmospheric administration national 54 00:01:22,469 --> 00:01:22,479 and atmospheric administration national 55 00:01:22,479 --> 00:01:24,950 and atmospheric administration national science foundation and industry worked 56 00:01:24,950 --> 00:01:24,960 science foundation and industry worked 57 00:01:24,960 --> 00:01:27,350 science foundation and industry worked together for four months to study this 58 00:01:27,350 --> 00:01:27,360 together for four months to study this 59 00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:29,830 together for four months to study this alarming environmental issue 60 00:01:29,830 --> 00:01:29,840 alarming environmental issue 61 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:32,149 alarming environmental issue scientists used ground-based instruments 62 00:01:32,149 --> 00:01:32,159 scientists used ground-based instruments 63 00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:34,550 scientists used ground-based instruments and launched balloon-borne payloads to 64 00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:34,560 and launched balloon-borne payloads to 65 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,190 and launched balloon-borne payloads to sample air chemistry at mcmurdo station 66 00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:37,200 sample air chemistry at mcmurdo station 67 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:38,710 sample air chemistry at mcmurdo station in antarctica 68 00:01:38,710 --> 00:01:38,720 in antarctica 69 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:41,510 in antarctica at the same time nasa's dc-8 flying 70 00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:41,520 at the same time nasa's dc-8 flying 71 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:44,389 at the same time nasa's dc-8 flying laboratory studied the lower atmosphere 72 00:01:44,389 --> 00:01:44,399 laboratory studied the lower atmosphere 73 00:01:44,399 --> 00:01:47,030 laboratory studied the lower atmosphere making long missions from punta arenas 74 00:01:47,030 --> 00:01:47,040 making long missions from punta arenas 75 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:50,310 making long missions from punta arenas chile into the area of ozone depletion 76 00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:50,320 chile into the area of ozone depletion 77 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:53,590 chile into the area of ozone depletion nasa's high-flying er-2 plane carrying a 78 00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:53,600 nasa's high-flying er-2 plane carrying a 79 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:56,069 nasa's high-flying er-2 plane carrying a single pilot and a handful of sampling 80 00:01:56,069 --> 00:01:56,079 single pilot and a handful of sampling 81 00:01:56,079 --> 00:01:58,469 single pilot and a handful of sampling instruments flew directly into a layer 82 00:01:58,469 --> 00:01:58,479 instruments flew directly into a layer 83 00:01:58,479 --> 00:02:00,469 instruments flew directly into a layer of atmosphere where the ozone was 84 00:02:00,469 --> 00:02:00,479 of atmosphere where the ozone was 85 00:02:00,479 --> 00:02:01,990 of atmosphere where the ozone was depleted 86 00:02:01,990 --> 00:02:02,000 depleted 87 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:03,990 depleted a number of activities contributing to 88 00:02:03,990 --> 00:02:04,000 a number of activities contributing to 89 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,310 a number of activities contributing to ozone loss have been pinpointed by the 90 00:02:06,310 --> 00:02:06,320 ozone loss have been pinpointed by the 91 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,790 ozone loss have been pinpointed by the scientific and policy community 92 00:02:08,790 --> 00:02:08,800 scientific and policy community 93 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:11,110 scientific and policy community no longer do canned aerosol products 94 00:02:11,110 --> 00:02:11,120 no longer do canned aerosol products 95 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:14,710 no longer do canned aerosol products contain chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs but 96 00:02:14,710 --> 00:02:14,720 contain chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs but 97 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:16,710 contain chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs but these harmful gases still get into the 98 00:02:16,710 --> 00:02:16,720 these harmful gases still get into the 99 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:18,790 these harmful gases still get into the atmosphere because they are used as 100 00:02:18,790 --> 00:02:18,800 atmosphere because they are used as 101 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:21,190 atmosphere because they are used as refrigerants fire retardants foam 102 00:02:21,190 --> 00:02:21,200 refrigerants fire retardants foam 103 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:23,510 refrigerants fire retardants foam blowing agents and solvents 104 00:02:23,510 --> 00:02:23,520 blowing agents and solvents 105 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:26,070 blowing agents and solvents as long as this persists ozone will 106 00:02:26,070 --> 00:02:26,080 as long as this persists ozone will 107 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:27,830 as long as this persists ozone will continue to be lost 108 00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:27,840 continue to be lost 109 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:30,150 continue to be lost initial findings from the summer's ozone 110 00:02:30,150 --> 00:02:30,160 initial findings from the summer's ozone 111 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:32,390 initial findings from the summer's ozone expedition verify that there is a 112 00:02:32,390 --> 00:02:32,400 expedition verify that there is a 113 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:35,190 expedition verify that there is a complex interplay between cfcs 114 00:02:35,190 --> 00:02:35,200 complex interplay between cfcs 115 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:37,350 complex interplay between cfcs chlorine-containing gases and the 116 00:02:37,350 --> 00:02:37,360 chlorine-containing gases and the 117 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:39,270 chlorine-containing gases and the meteorology in certain parts of the 118 00:02:39,270 --> 00:02:39,280 meteorology in certain parts of the 119 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:40,390 meteorology in certain parts of the world 120 00:02:40,390 --> 00:02:40,400 world 121 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:42,470 world ice crystals in the upper atmosphere 122 00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:42,480 ice crystals in the upper atmosphere 123 00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:45,270 ice crystals in the upper atmosphere convert the gases into a by-product that 124 00:02:45,270 --> 00:02:45,280 convert the gases into a by-product that 125 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,030 convert the gases into a by-product that destroys ozone 126 00:02:47,030 --> 00:02:47,040 destroys ozone 127 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,270 destroys ozone these ice crystals usually only form in 128 00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:49,280 these ice crystals usually only form in 129 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:51,509 these ice crystals usually only form in the atmosphere of the south pole because 130 00:02:51,509 --> 00:02:51,519 the atmosphere of the south pole because 131 00:02:51,519 --> 00:02:54,390 the atmosphere of the south pole because it gets so cold this may explain why 132 00:02:54,390 --> 00:02:54,400 it gets so cold this may explain why 133 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:55,670 it gets so cold this may explain why other parts of the world aren't 134 00:02:55,670 --> 00:02:55,680 other parts of the world aren't 135 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:58,470 other parts of the world aren't dramatically affected by the depletion 136 00:02:58,470 --> 00:02:58,480 dramatically affected by the depletion 137 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:00,470 dramatically affected by the depletion scientists still do not understand all 138 00:03:00,470 --> 00:03:00,480 scientists still do not understand all 139 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:02,869 scientists still do not understand all the mechanisms of change but thanks to 140 00:03:02,869 --> 00:03:02,879 the mechanisms of change but thanks to 141 00:03:02,879 --> 00:03:05,030 the mechanisms of change but thanks to the work of so many we will soon have a 142 00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:05,040 the work of so many we will soon have a 143 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:07,190 the work of so many we will soon have a more complete understanding of ozone 144 00:03:07,190 --> 00:03:07,200 more complete understanding of ozone 145 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:09,190 more complete understanding of ozone loss and its threat to the world 146 00:03:09,190 --> 00:03:09,200 loss and its threat to the world 147 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:10,390 loss and its threat to the world environment 148 00:03:10,390 --> 00:03:10,400 environment 149 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:13,030 environment in the early 1990s a new generation of 150 00:03:13,030 --> 00:03:13,040 in the early 1990s a new generation of 151 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:15,589 in the early 1990s a new generation of atmospheric satellites will probe even 152 00:03:15,589 --> 00:03:15,599 atmospheric satellites will probe even 153 00:03:15,599 --> 00:05:18,710 atmospheric satellites will probe even further into the problem 154 00:05:18,710 --> 00:05:18,720 155 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:20,800 you